Table of Contents

Preface

Preface to the Csound Manual

Copyright Notice

Acknowledgements

History of the Canonical Csound Reference Manual

Licenses

Csound and CsoundVST

Manual

Virtual Synthesis Technology

I. Csound 5 User's Guide

Introduction

Recent Developments

New Features in Csound 5

Features of CsoundVST

Csound Links

Installing

Downloading

Configuring

CsoundVST

Using

Real-Time Audio

Windows with ASIO

Using Csound5 with JACK

Csound

The csound Command

CsoundVST

Standalone

Python Scripting

VST Plugin

Building Csound

To Do

II. Csound5 Opcodes

SoundFont Opcodes

DSSI and LADSPA for Csound

Credits

VST for Csound

Credits

Loris Opcodes

Examples

Credits

OSC and Csound

Credits

Python Opcodes

Introduction

Orchestra Syntax

Credits

Mixer Opcodes

String Conversion Opcodes

III. Overview

Introduction

Where to Get Public Csound and the Csound Manual

How to Install Csound

Linux

Macintosh

MS-DOS and Windows 95/NT

Windows 95/98/2000

Other Platforms

The Csound Mailing List

Bug Reports

The Csound Command

Order of Precedence

Description

Command-line Flags

Unified File Format for Orchestras and Scores

Description

Structured Data File Format

Command Line Parameter File

Score File Preprocessing

The Extract Feature

Independent Pre-Processing with Scsort

Syntax of the Orchestra

Directories and Files

Nomenclature

Orchestra Statement Types

Constants and Variables

Expressions

Orchestra Header Statements

Instrument and Opcode Block Statements

Variable Initialization

Named Instruments

Instrument Control

Clock Control

Conditional Values

Duration Control Statements

Introduction to FLTK Widgets and GUI controllers

FLTK Containers

FLTK Valuators

Other FLTK Widgets

Instrument Invocation

Macros

Program Flow Control

Real-time Performance Control

Reinitialization

Sensing and Control

Sub-instrument Control

Time Reading

Function Table Control

Table Queries

Read/Write Operations

Table Selection

Mathematical Operations

Amplitude Converters

Arithmetic and Logic Operations

Mathematical Functions

Opcode Equivalents of Functions

Random Functions

Trigonometric Functions

MIDI Support

Controller Input

Converters

Event Extenders

Generic Input and Output

Note-on/Note-off

MIDI Message Output

Real-time Messages

Slider Banks

Pitch Converters

Functions

Tuning Opcodes

Signal Generators

Additive Synthesis/Resynthesis

Basic Oscillators

Dynamic Spectrum Oscillators

FM Synthesis

Granular Synthesis

Linear and Exponential Generators

Linear Predictive Coding (LPC) Resynthesis

Models and Emulations

Phasors

Random (Noise) Generators

Sample Playback

Scanned Synthesis

Short-time Fourier Transform (STFT) Resynthesis

Table Access

Wave Terrain Synthesis

Waveguide Physical Modeling

Signal Input and Output

File Input and Output

Input

Output

Printing and Display

Sound File Queries

Signal Modifiers

Amplitude Modifiers

Convolution and Morphing

Delay

Envelope Modifiers

Panning and Spatialization

Reverberation

Sample Level Operators

Signal Limiters

Special Effects

Specialized Filters

Standard Filters

Waveguides

Spectral Processing

Non-standard Spectral Processing

Tools for Real-time Spectral Processing

Vectorial Opcodes

Tables of vectors operators

Operations Between a Vectorial and a Scalar Signal

Operations Between two Vectorial Signals

Vectorial Envelope Generators

Limiting and wrapping of vectorial control signals

Vectorial Control-rate Delay Paths

Vectorial Random Signal Generators

Zak Patch System

The Standard Numeric Score

Preprocessing of Standard Scores

Carry

Tempo

Sort

N.B.

Next-P and Previous-P Symbols

Ramping

Score Macros

Multiple File Score

Description

Syntax

Performance

Credits

Evaluation of Expressions

Example

Credits

Score Statements

Sine/Cosine Generators

Line/Exponential Segment Generators

File Access GEN Routines

Numeric Value Access GEN Routines

Window Function GEN Routines

Random Function GEN Routines

Waveshaping GEN Routines

Amplitude Scaling GEN Routines

Mixing GEN Routines

IV. Reference

Orchestra Opcodes and Operators

!= - Determines if one value is not equal to another. != conditional expressions ? :

#define - Defines a macro. #define #defineorchestra macrosorchestra

#include - Includes an external file for processing. #includeorchestra multiple file orchestras

#undef - Un-defines a macro. #undef #undeforchestra macrosorchestra

#ifdef - Conditional reading of code. #ifdef #ifdeforchestra

$NAME - Calls a defined macro. $NAME $NAMEorchestra macrosorchestra

% - Modulus operator. %

&& - Logical AND operator. &&

> - Determines if one value is greater than another. > conditional expressions ? :

>= - Determines if one value is greater than or equal to another. >= conditional expressions ? :

< - Determines if one value is less than another. < conditional expressions ? :

<= - Determines if one value is less than or equal to another. <= conditional expressions ? :

* - Multiplication operator. *

+ - Addition operator +

- - Subtraction operator. -

/ - Division operator. /

= - Performs a simple assignment. =

== - Compares two values for equality. == conditional expressions ? :

^ - Power of operator. ^

round - Returns the integer value nearest to x ; if the fractional part of x is exactly 0.5, the direction of rounding is undefined. round

|| - Logical OR operator. ||

0dbfs - Sets the value of 0 decibels using full scale amplitude. 0dbfs

& - Bitwise AND operator. &

| - Bitwise OR operator. |

¬ - Bitwise NOT operator. ¬

# - Bitwise NON EQUIVALENCE operator. #

a - Converts a k-rate parameter to an a-rate value with interpolation. a

abetarand - Deprecated. abetarand

abexprnd - Deprecated. abexprnd

abs - Returns an absolute value. abs

acauchy - Deprecated. acauchy

active - Returns the number of active instances of an instrument. active

adsr - Calculates the classical ADSR envelope using linear segments. adsr

adsyn - Output is an additive set of individually controlled sinusoids, using an oscillator bank. adsyn

adsynt - Performs additive synthesis with an arbitrary number of partials, not necessarily harmonic. adsynt

adsynt2 - Performs additive synthesis with an arbitrary number of partials -not necessarily harmonic- with interpolation. adsynt2

aexprand - Deprecated. aexprand

aftouch - Get the current after-touch value for this channel. aftouch

agauss - Deprecated. agauss

agogobel - Deprecated. agogobel

alinrand - Deprecated. alinrand

alpass - Reverberates an input signal with a flat frequency response. alpass

ampdb - Returns the amplitude equivalent of the decibel value x. ampdb

ampdbfs - Returns the amplitude equivalent of the decibel value x, which is relative to full scale amplitude. ampdbfs

ampmidi - Get the velocity of the current MIDI event. ampmidi

apcauchy - Deprecated. apcauchy

apoisson - Deprecated. apoisson

apow - Deprecated. apow

areson - A notch filter whose transfer functions are the complements of the reson opcode. areson

aresonk - A notch filter whose transfer functions are the complements of the reson opcode. aresonk

atone - A notch filter whose transfer functions are the complements of the tone opcode. atone

atonek - A notch filter whose transfer functions are the complements of the tone opcode. atonek

atonex - Emulates a stack of filters using the atone opcode. atonex

atrirand - Deprecated. atrirand

aunirand - Deprecated. aunirand

aweibull - Deprecated. aweibull

babo - A physical model reverberator. babo

balance - Adjust one audio signal according to the values of another. balance

bamboo - Semi-physical model of a bamboo sound. bamboo

bbcutm - Generates breakbeat-style cut-ups of a mono audio stream. bbcutm

bbcuts - Generates breakbeat-style cut-ups of a stereo audio stream. bbcuts

betarand - Beta distribution random number generator (positive values only). betarand x-class noise generators

bexprnd - Exponential distribution random number generator. bexprnd x-class noise generators

bformenc - Codes a signal into the ambisonic B format bformenc

bformdec - Decodes an ambisonic B format signal bformdec

binit - PVS tracks to amplitude+frequency conversion. binit

biquad - A sweepable general purpose biquadratic digital filter. biquad

biquada - A sweepable general purpose biquadratic digital filter with a-rate parameters. biquada

birnd - Returns a random number in a bi-polar range. birnd

bqrez - A second-order multi-mode filter. bqrez

butbp - Same as the butterbp opcode. butbp

butbr - Same as the butterbr opcode. butbr

buthp - Same as the butterhp opcode. buthp

butlp - Same as the butterlp opcode. butlp

butterbp - A band-pass Butterworth filter. butterbp

butterbr - A band-reject Butterworth filter. butterbr

butterhp - A high-pass Butterworth filter. butterhp

butterlp - A low-pass Butterworth filter. butterlp

button - Sense on-screen controls. button

buzz - Output is a set of harmonically related sine partials. buzz

cabasa - Semi-physical model of a cabasa sound. cabasa

cauchy - Cauchy distribution random number generator. cauchy x-class noise generators

ceil - Returns the smallest integer not less than x ceil

cent - Calculates a factor to raise/lower a frequency by a given amount of cents. cent

cggoto - Conditionally transfer control on every pass. cggoto

chanctrl - Get the current value of a MIDI channel controller. chanctrl

changed - k-rate signal change detector. changed

chani - Reads data from the software bus chani

chano - Send data to the outwards software bus chano

checkbox - Sense on-screen controls. checkbox

chn - Declare a channel of the named software bus. chn

chnclear - Clears an audio output channel of the named software bus. chnclear

chnexport - Export a global variable as a channel of the bus. chnexport

chnget - Reads data from the software bus. chnget

chnmix - Writes audio data to the named software bus, mixing to the previous output. chnmix

chnparams - Query parameters of a channel. chnparams

chnset - Writes data to the named software bus. chnset

cigoto - Conditionally transfer control during the i-time pass. cigoto

ckgoto - Conditionally transfer control during the p-time passes. ckgoto

clear - Zeroes a list of audio signals. clear

clfilt - Implements low-pass and high-pass filters of different styles. clfilt

clip - Clips a signal to a predefined limit. clip

clock - Deprecated. clock

clockoff - Stops one of a number of internal clocks. clockoff

clockon - Starts one of a number of internal clocks. clockon

cngoto - Transfers control on every pass when a condition is not true. cngoto

comb - Reverberates an input signal with a colored frequency response. comb

control - Configurable slider controls for realtime user input. control

convle - Same as the convolve opcode. convle

convolve - Convolves a signal and an impulse response. convolve

cos - Performs a cosine function. cos

cosh - Performs a hyperbolic cosine function. cosh

cosinv - Performs a arccosine function. cosinv

cps2pch - Converts a pitch-class value into cycles-per-second for equal divisions of the octave. cps2pch

cpsmidi - Get the note number of the current MIDI event, expressed in cycles-per-second. cpsmidi

cpsmidib - Get the note number of the current MIDI event and modify it by the current pitch-bend value, express it in cycles-per-second. cpsmidib

cpsoct - Converts an octave-point-decimal value to cycles-per-second. cpsoct

cpspch - Converts a pitch-class value to cycles-per-second. cpspch

cpstmid - Get a MIDI note number (allows customized micro-tuning scales). cpstmid

cpstun - Returns micro-tuning values at k-rate. cpstun

cpstuni - Returns micro-tuning values at init-rate. cpstuni

cpsxpch - Converts a pitch-class value into cycles-per-second (Hz) for equal divisions of any interval. cpsxpch

cpuprc - Control allocation of cpu resources on a per-instrument basis, to optimize realtime output. cpuprc

cross2 - Cross synthesis using FFT's. cross2

crunch - Semi-physical model of a crunch sound. crunch

ctrl14 - Allows a floating-point 14-bit MIDI signal scaled with a minimum and a maximum range. ctrl14

ctrl21 - Allows a floating-point 21-bit MIDI signal scaled with a minimum and a maximum range. ctrl21

ctrl7 - Allows a floating-point 7-bit MIDI signal scaled with a minimum and a maximum range. ctrl7

ctrlinit - Sets the initial values for a set of MIDI controllers. ctrlinit

cuserrnd - Continuous USER-defined-distribution RaNDom generator. cuserrnd

dam - A dynamic compressor/expander. dam

db - Returns the amplitude equivalent for a given decibel amount. db

dbamp - Returns the decibel equivalent of the raw amplitude x. dbamp

dbfsamp - Returns the decibel equivalent of the raw amplitude x, relative to full scale amplitude. dbfsamp

dcblock - A DC blocking filter. dcblock

dconv - A direct convolution opcode. dconv

delay - Delays an input signal by some time interval. delay

delay1 - Delays an input signal by one sample. delay1

delayk - Delays an input signal by some time interval. delayk

delayr - Reads from an automatically established digital delay line. delayr

delayw - Writes the audio signal to a digital delay line. delayw

deltap - Taps a delay line at variable offset times. deltap

deltap3 - Taps a delay line at variable offset times, uses cubic interpolation. deltape

deltapi - Taps a delay line at variable offset times, uses interpolation. deltapi

deltapn - Taps a delay line at variable offset times. deltapn

deltapx - Read to or write from a delay line with interpolation. deltapx

deltapxw - Mixes the input signal to a delay line. deltapxw

denorm - Mixes low level noise to a list of a-rate signals denorm

diff - Modify a signal by differentiation. diff

diskin - Reads audio data from an external device or stream and can alter its pitch. diskin

diskin2 - Reads audio data from a file, and can alter its pitch using one of several available interpolation types, as well as convert the sample rate to match the orchestra sr setting. diskin2

dispfft - Displays the Fourier Transform of an audio or control signal. dispfft

display - Displays the audio or control signals as an amplitude vs. time graph. display

distort1 - Modified hyperbolic tangent distortion. distort1

divz - Safely divides two numbers. divz

downsamp - Modify a signal by down-sampling. downsamp

dripwater - Semi-physical model of a water drop. dripwater

dssiactivate - Activates or deactivates a DSSI or LADSPA plugin. dssiactivate

dssiaudio - Processes audio using a LADSPA or DSSI plugin. dssiaudio

dssictls - Send control information to a LADSPA or DSSI plugin. dssictls

dssiinit - Loads a DSSI or LADSPA plugin. dssiinit

dssilist - Lists all available DSSI and LADSPA plugins. dssilist

dumpk - Periodically writes an orchestra control-signal value to an external file. dumpk

dumpk2 - Periodically writes two orchestra control-signal values to an external file. dumpk2

dumpk3 - Periodically writes three orchestra control-signal values to an external file. dumpk3

dumpk4 - Periodically writes four orchestra control-signal values to an external file. dumpk4

duserrnd - Discrete USER-defined-distribution RaNDom generator. duserrnd

else - Executes a block of code when an "if...then" condition is false. else

elseif - Defines another "if...then" condition when a "if...then" condition is false. elseif

endif - Closes a block of code that begins with an "if...then" statement. endif

endin - Ends the current instrument block. endin

endop - Marks the end of an user-defined opcode block. endop

envlpx - Applies an envelope consisting of 3 segments. envlpx

envlpxr - The envlpx opcode with a final release segment. envlpxr

event - Generates a score event from an instrument. event

event_i - Generates a score event from an instrument. event_i

exitnow - Exit csound as fast as possible, with no cleaning up. exitnow

exp - Returns e raised to the x-th power. exp

expon - Trace an exponential curve between specified points. expon

exprand - Exponential distribution random number generator (positive values only). exprand x-class noise generators

expseg - Trace a series of exponential segments between specified points. expseg

expsega - An exponential segment generator operating at a-rate. expsega

expsegr - Trace a series of exponential segments between specified points including a release segment. expsegr

filelen - Returns the length of a sound file. filelen

filenchnls - Returns the number of channels in a sound file. filenchnls

filepeak - Returns the peak absolute value of a sound file. filepeak

filesr - Returns the sample rate of a sound file. filesr

filter2 - Performs filtering using a transposed form-II digital filter lattice with no time-varying control. filter2

fin - Read signals from a file at a-rate. fin

fini - Read signals from a file at i-rate. fini

fink - Read signals from a file at k-rate. fink

fiopen - Opens a file in a specific mode. fiopen

flanger - A user controlled flanger. flanger

flashtxt - Allows text to be displayed from instruments like sliders flashtxt

FLbox - A FLTK widget that displays text inside of a box. FLbox

FLbutBank - A FLTK widget opcode that creates a bank of buttons. FLbutBank

FLbutton - A FLTK widget opcode that creates a button. FLbutton

FLcolor - A FLTK opcode that sets the primary colors. FLcolor

FLcolor2 - A FLTK opcode that sets the secondary (selection) color. FLcolor2

FLcount - A FLTK widget opcode that creates a counter. FLcount

FLgetsnap - Retrieves a previously stored FLTK snapshot. FLgetsnap

FLgroup - A FLTK container opcode that groups child widgets. FLgroup

FLgroupEnd - Marks the end of a group of FLTK child widgets. FLgroupEnd

FLgroupEnd - Marks the end of a group of FLTK child widgets. FLgroup_end

FLhide - Hides the target FLTK widget. FLhide

FLjoy - A FLTK opcode that acts like a joystick. FLjoy

FLkeyb - Experimental, no documentation exists. May be deprecated in future versions. FLkeyb

FLknob - A FLTK widget opcode that creates a knob. FLknob

FLlabel - A FLTK opcode that modifies the appearance of a text label. FLlabel

FLloadsnap - Loads all snapshots into the memory bank of the current orchestra. FLloadsnap

flooper - Function-table-based crossfading looper. flooper

floor - Returns the largest integer not greater than x floor

FLpack - Provides the functionality of compressing and aligning FLTK widgets. FLpack

FLpackEnd - Marks the end of a group of compressed or aligned FLTK widgets. FLpackEnd

FLpackEnd - Marks the end of a group of compressed or aligned FLTK widgets. FLpack_end

FLpanel - Creates a window that contains FLTK widgets. FLpanel

FLpanelEnd - Marks the end of a group of FLTK widgets contained inside of a window (panel). FLpanelEnd

FLpanel_end - Marks the end of a group of FLTK widgets contained inside of a window (panel). FLpanel_end

FLprintk - A FLTK opcode that prints a k-rate value at specified intervals. FLprintk

FLprintk2 - A FLTK opcode that prints a new value every time a control-rate variable changes. FLprintk2

FLroller - A FLTK widget that creates a transversal knob. FLroller

FLrun - Starts the FLTK widget thread. FLrun

FLsavesnap - Saves all snapshots currently created into a file. FLsavesnap

FLscroll - A FLTK opcode that adds scroll bars to an area. FLscroll

FLscrollEnd - A FLTK opcode that marks the end of an area with scrollbars. FLscrollEnd

FLscroll_end - A FLTK opcode that marks the end of an area with scrollbars. FLscrollEnd

FLsetAlign - Sets the text alignment of a label of a FLTK widget. FLsetAlign

FLsetBox - Sets the appearance of a box surrounding a FLTK widget. FLsetBox

FLsetColor - Sets the primary color of a FLTK widget. FLsetColor

FLsetColor2 - Sets the secondary (or selection) color of a FLTK widget. FLsetColor2

FLsetFont - Sets the font type of a FLTK widget. FLsetFont

FLsetPosition - Sets the position of a FLTK widget. FLsetPosition

FLsetSize - Resizes a FLTK widget. FLsetSize

FLsetsnap - Stores the current status of all FLTK valuators into a snapshot location. FLsetsnap

FLsetText - Sets the label of a FLTK widget. FLsetText

FLsetTextColor - Sets the color of the text label of a FLTK widget. FLsetTextColor

FLsetTextSize - Sets the size of the text label of a FLTK widget. FLsetTextSize

FLsetTextType - Sets some font attributes of the text label of a FLTK widget. FLsetTextType

FLsetVal_i - Sets the value of a FLTK valuator to a number provided by the user. FLsetVal_i

FLsetVal - Sets the value of a FLTK valuator at control-rate. FLsetVal

FLshow - Restores the visibility of a previously hidden FLTK widget. FLshow

FLslidBnk - A FLTK widget containing a bank of horizontal sliders. FLslidBnk

FLslider - Puts a slider into the corresponding FLTK container. FLslider

FLtabs - Creates a tabbed FLTK interface. FLtabs

FLtabsEnd - Marks the end of a tabbed FLTK interface. FLtabsEnd

FLtabs_end - Marks the end of a tabbed FLTK interface. FLtabs)end

FLtext - A FLTK widget opcode that creates a textbox. FLtext

FLupdate - Same as the FLrun opcode. FLupdate

fluidAllOut - Collects all audio from all Fluidsynth engines in a performance fluidAllOut

fluidCCi - Sends a MIDI controller data message to fluid. fluidCCi

fluidCCk - Sends a MIDI controller data message to fluid. fluidCCk

fluidControl - Sends MIDI note on, note off, and other messages to a SoundFont preset. fluidControl

fluidEngine - Instantiates a fluidsynth engine. fluidEngine

fluidLoad - Loads a SoundFont into a fluidEngine, optionally listing SoundFont contents. fluidLoad

fluidNote - Plays a note on a channel in a fluidSynth engine. fluidNote

fluidOut - Outputs sound from a given fluidEngine fluidOut

fluidProgramSelect - Assigns a preset from a SoundFont to a channel on a fluidEngine. fluidProgramSelect

FLvalue - Shows the current value of a FLTK valuator. FLvalue

fmb3 - Uses FM synthesis to create a Hammond B3 organ sound. fmb3

fmbell - Uses FM synthesis to create a tublar bell sound. fmbell

fmmetal - Uses FM synthesis to create a Heavy Metal sound. fmmetal

fmpercfl - Uses FM synthesis to create a percussive flute sound. fmpercfl

fmrhode - Uses FM synthesis to create a Fender Rhodes electric piano sound. fmrhode

fmvoice - FM Singing Voice Synthesis fmvoice

fmwurlie - Uses FM synthesis to create a Wurlitzer electric piano sound. fmwurlie

fof - Produces sinusoid bursts useful for formant and granular synthesis. fof

fof2 - Produces sinusoid bursts including k-rate incremental indexing with each successive burst. fof2

fofilter - Formant filter. fofilter

fog - Audio output is a succession of grains derived from data in a stored function table fog

fold - Adds artificial foldover to an audio signal. fold

follow - Envelope follower unit generator. follow

follow2 - Another controllable envelope extractor. follow2

foscil - A basic frequency modulated oscillator. foscil

foscili - Basic frequency modulated oscillator with linear interpolation. foscili

fout - Outputs a-rate signals to an arbitrary number of channels. fout

fouti - Outputs i-rate signals of an arbitrary number of channels to a specified file. fouti

foutir - Outputs i-rate signals from an arbitrary number of channels to a specified file. foutir

foutk - Outputs k-rate signals of an arbitrary number of channels to a specified file, in raw (headerless) format. foutk

fprintks - Similar to printks but prints to a file. fprintks

fprints - Similar to prints but prints to a file. fprints

frac - Returns the fractional part of a decimal number. frac

freeverb - Opcode version of Jezar's Freeverb freeverb

ftchnls - Returns the number of channels in a stored function table. ftchnls

ftconv - Low latency multichannel convolution, using a function table as impulse response source. ftconv

ftfree - Deletes function table. ftfree

ftgen - Generate a score function table from within the orchestra. ftgen

ftgentmp - Generate a score function table from within the orchestra, which is deleted at the end of the note. ftgentmp

ftlen - Returns the size of a stored function table. ftlen

ftload - Load a set of previously-allocated tables from a file. ftload

ftloadk - Load a set of previously-allocated tables from a file. ftloadk

ftlptim - Returns the loop segment start-time of a stored function table number. ftlptim

ftmorf - Morphs between multiple ftables as specified in a list. ftmorf

ftsave - Save a set of previously-allocated tables to a file. ftsave

ftsavek - Save a set of previously-allocated tables to a file. ftsavek

ftsr - Returns the sampling-rate of a stored function table. ftsr

gain - Adjusts the amplitude audio signal according to a root-mean-square value. gain

gauss - Gaussian distribution random number generator. gauss x-class noise generators

gbuzz - Output is a set of harmonically related cosine partials. gbuzz

gogobel - Audio output is a tone related to the striking of a cow bell or similar. gogobel

goto - Transfer control on every pass. goto

grain - Generates granular synthesis textures. grain

grain2 - Easy-to-use granular synthesis texture generator. grain2

grain3 - Generate granular synthesis textures with more user control. grain3

granule - A more complex granular synthesis texture generator. granule

guiro - Semi-physical model of a guiro sound. guiro

harmon - Analyze an audio input and generate harmonizing voices in synchrony. harmon

hilbert - A Hilbert transformer. hilbert

hrtfer - Creates 3D audio for two speakers. hrtfer

hsboscil - An oscillator which takes tonality and brightness as arguments. hsboscil

i - Returns an init-type equivalent of a k-rate argument. i

ibetarand - Deprecated. ibetarand

ibexprnd - Deprecated. ibexprnd

icauchy - Deprecated. icauchy

ictrl14 - Deprecated. ictrl14

ictrl21 - Deprecated. ictrl21

ictrl7 - Deprecated. ictrl7

iexprand - Deprecated. iexprand

if - Branches conditionally at initialization or during performance time. if

igauss - Deprecated. igauss

igoto - Transfer control during the i-time pass. igoto

ihold - Creates a held note. ihold

ilinrand - Deprecated. ilinrand

imidic14 - Deprecated. imidic14

imidic21 - Deprecated. imidic21

imidic7 - Deprecated. imidic7

in - Reads mono audio data from an external device or stream. in

in32 - Reads a 32-channel audio signal from an external device or stream. in32

inch - Reads from a numbered channel in an external audio signal or stream. inch

inh - Reads six-channel audio data from an external device or stream. inh

init - Puts the value of the i-time expression into a k- or a-rate variable. init

initc14 - Initializes the controllers used to create a 14-bit MIDI value. initc14

initc21 - Initializes the controllers used to create a 21-bit MIDI value. initc21

initc7 - Initializes the controller used to create a 7-bit MIDI value. initc7

ino - Reads eight-channel audio data from an external device or stream. ino

inq - Reads quad audio data from an external device or stream. inq

ins - Reads stereo audio data from an external device or stream. ins

instimek - Deprecated. instimek

instimes - Deprecated. instimes

instr - Starts an instrument block. instr

int - Extracts an integer from a decimal number. int

integ - Modify a signal by integration. integ

interp - Converts a control signal to an audio signal using linear interpolation. interp

invalue - Reads a k-rate signal from a user-defined channel. invalue

inx - Reads a 16-channel audio signal from an external device or stream. inx

inz - Reads multi-channel audio samples into a ZAK array from an external device or stream. inz

ioff - Deprecated. ioff

ion - Deprecated. ion

iondur - Deprecated. iondur

iondur2 - Deprecated. iondur2

ioutat - Deprecated. ioutat

ioutc - Deprecated. ioutc

ioutc14 - Deprecated. ioutc14

ioutpat - Deprecated. ioutpat

ioutpb - Deprecated. ioutpb

ioutpc - Deprecated. ioutpc

ipcauchy - Deprecated. ipcauchy

ipoisson - Deprecated. ipoisson

ipow - Deprecated. ipow

is16b14 - Deprecated. is16b14

is32b14 - Deprecated. is32b14

islider16 - Deprecated. islider16

islider32 - Deprecated. islider32

islider64 - Deprecated. islider64

islider8 - Deprecated. islider8

itablecopy - Deprecated. itablecopy

itablegpw - Deprecated. itablegpw

itablemix - Deprecated. itablemix

itablew - Deprecated. itablew

itrirand - Deprecated. itrirand

iunirand - Deprecated. iunirand

iweibull - Deprecated. iweibull

jitter - Generates a segmented line whose segments are randomly generated. jitter

jitter2 - Generates a segmented line with user-controllable random segments. jitter2

jspline - A jitter-spline generator. jspline

k - Converts a i-rate parameter to an k-rate value. a

kbetarand - Deprecated. kbetarand

kbexprnd - Deprecated. kbexprnd

kcauchy - Deprecated. kcauchy

kdump - Deprecated. kdump

kdump2 - Deprecated. kdump2

kdump3 - Deprecated. kdump3

kdump4 - Deprecated. kdump4

kexprand - Deprecated. kexprand

kfilter2 - Deprecated. kfilter2

kgauss - Deprecated. kgauss

kgoto - Transfer control during the p-time passes. kgoto

klinrand - Deprecated. klinrand

kon - Deprecated. kon

koutat - Deprecated. koutat

koutc - Deprecated. koutc

koutc14 - Deprecated. koutc14

koutpat - Deprecated. koutpat

koutpb - Deprecated. koutpb

koutpc - Deprecated. koutpc

kpcauchy - Deprecated. kpcauchy

kpoisson - Deprecated. kpoisson

kpow - Deprecated. kpow

kr - Sets the control rate. kr

kread - Deprecated. kread

kread2 - Deprecated. kread2

kread3 - Deprecated. kread3

kread4 - Deprecated. kread4

ksmps - Sets the number of samples in a control period. ksmps

ktableseg - Same as the tableseg opcode. ktableseg

ktrirand - Deprecated. ktrirand

kunirand - Deprecated. kunirand

kweibull - Deprecated. kweibull

lfo - A low frequency oscillator of various shapes. lfo

limit - Sets the lower and upper limits of the value it processes. limit

line - Trace a straight line between specified points. line

linen - Applies a straight line rise and decay pattern to an input amp signal. linen

linenr - The linen opcode extended with a final release segment. linenr

lineto - Generate glissandos starting from a control signal. lineto

linrand - Linear distribution random number generator (positive values only). linrand x-class noise generators

linseg - Trace a series of line segments between specified points. linseg

linsegr - Trace a series of line segments between specified points including a release segment. linsegr

locsend - Distributes the audio signals of a previous locsig opcode. locsend

locsig - Takes and input signal and distributes between 2 or 4 channels. locsig

log - Returns a natural log. log

log10 - Returns a base 10 log. log10

logbtwo - Performs a logarithmic base two calculation. logbtwo

loop - Four looping constructions. loop

loopseg - Generate control signal consisting of linear segments delimited by two or more specified points. loopseg

loopsegp - Control signals based on linear segments. loopsegp

lorenz - Implements the Lorenz system of equations. lorenz

lorisread - Imports a set of bandwidth-enhanced partials from a SDIF-format data file, applying control-rate frequency, amplitude, and bandwidth scaling envelopes, and stores the modified partials in memory. lorisread

lorismorph - Morphs two stored sets of bandwidth-enhanced partials and stores a new set of partials representing the morphed sound. The morph is performed by linearly interpolating the parameter envelopes (frequency, amplitude, and bandwidth, or noisiness) of the bandwidth-enhanced partials according to control-rate frequency, amplitude, and bandwidth morphing functions.lorismorph

lorisplay - renders a stored set of bandwidth-enhanced partials using the method of Bandwidth-Enhanced Additive Synthesis implemented in the Loris software, applying control-rate frequency, amplitude, and bandwidth scaling envelopes.lorisplay

loscil - Read sampled sound from a table. loscil

loscil3 - Read sampled sound from a table using cubic interpolation. loscil3

lowpass2 - A resonant lowpass filter. lowpass2

lowres - Another resonant lowpass filter. lowres

lowresx - Simulates layers of serially connected resonant lowpass filters. lowresx

lpf18 - A 3-pole sweepable resonant lowpass filter. lpf18

lpfreson - Resynthesises a signal from the data passed internally by a previous lpread, applying formant shifting. lpfreson

lphasor - Generates a table index for sample playback lphasor

lpinterp - Computes a new set of poles from the interpolation between two analysis. lpinterp

lposcil - Read sampled sound from a table with optional looping and high precision. lposcil

lposcil3 - Read sampled sound from a table with high precision and cubic interpolation. lposcil3

lpread - Reads a control file of time-ordered information frames. lpread

lpreson - Resynthesises a signal from the data passed internally by a previous lpread. lpreson

lpshold - Generate control signal consisting of held segments. lpshold

lpsholdp - Control signals based on held segments. lpsholdp

lpslot - Selects the slot to be use by further lp opcodes. lpslot

mac - Multiplies and accumulates a- and k-rate signals. mac

maca - Multiply and accumulate a-rate signals only. maca

madsr - Calculates the classical ADSR envelope using the linsegr mechanism. madsr

mandel - Mandelbrot set mandel

mandol - An emulation of a mandolin. mandol

marimba - Physical model related to the striking of a wooden block. marimba

massign - Assigns a MIDI channel number to a Csound instrument. massign

max - Produces a signal that is the maximum of any number of input signals. max

maxabs - Produces a signal that is the maximum of the absolute values of any number of input signals. maxabs

maxabsaccum - Accumulates the maximum of the absolute values of audio signals. maxabsaccum

maxaccum - Accumulates the maximum value of audio signals. maxaccum

maxalloc - Limits the number of allocations of an instrument. maxalloc

max_k - Local maximum (or minimum) value of an incoming asig signal max_k

mclock - Sends a MIDI CLOCK message. mclock

mdelay - A MIDI delay opcode. mdelay

metro - Trigger Metronome metro

midic14 - Allows a floating-point 14-bit MIDI signal scaled with a minimum and a maximum range. midic14

midic21 - Allows a floating-point 21-bit MIDI signal scaled with a minimum and a maximum range. midic21

midic7 - Allows a floating-point 7-bit MIDI signal scaled with a minimum and a maximum range. midic7

midichannelaftertouch - Gets a MIDI channel's aftertouch value. midichannelaftertouch

midichn - Returns the MIDI channel number from which the note was activated. midichn

midicontrolchange - Gets a MIDI control change value. midicontrolchange

midictrl - Get the current value (0-127) of a specified MIDI controller. midictrl

mididefault - Changes values, depending on MIDI activation. mididefault

midiin - Returns a generic MIDI message received by the MIDI IN port. midiin

midinoteoff - Gets a MIDI noteoff value. midinoteoff

midinoteoncps - Gets a MIDI note number as a cycles-per-second frequency. midinoteoncps

midinoteonkey - Gets a MIDI note number value. midinoteonkey

midinoteonoct - Gets a MIDI note number value as octave-point-decimal value. midinoteonoct

midinoteonpch - Gets a MIDI note number as a pitch-class value. midinoteonpch

midion - Plays MIDI notes. midion

midion2 - Sends noteon and noteoff messages to the MIDI OUT port. midion2

midiout - Sends a generic MIDI message to the MIDI OUT port. midiout

midipitchbend - Gets a MIDI pitchbend value. midipitchbend

midipolyaftertouch - Gets a MIDI polyphonic aftertouch value. midipolyaftertouch

midiprogramchange - Gets a MIDI program change value. midiprogramchange

miditempo - Returns the current tempo at k-rate, of either the MIDI file (if available) or the score miditempo

min - Produces a signal that is the minimum of any number of input signals. min

minabs - Produces a signal that is the minimum of the absolute values of any number of input signals. minabs

minabsaccum - Accumulates the minimum of the absolute values of audio signals. minabsaccum

minaccum - Accumulates the minimum value of audio signals. minaccum

mirror - Reflects the signal that exceeds the low and high thresholds. mirror

MixerSetLevel - Sets the level of a send to a buss. MixerSetLevel

MixerGetLevel - Gets the level of a send to a buss. MixerGetLevel

MixerSend - Mixes an arate signal into a channel of a buss. MixerSend

MixerReceive - Receives an arate signal from a channel of a buss. MixerReceive

MixerClear - Resets all channels of a buss to 0. MixerClear

moog - An emulation of a mini-Moog synthesizer. moog

moogladder - Moog ladder lowpass filter. moogladder

moogvcf - A digital emulation of the Moog diode ladder filter configuration. moogvcf

moscil - Sends a stream of the MIDI notes. moscil

mpulse - Generates a set of impulses. mpulse

mrtmsg - Send system real-time messages to the MIDI OUT port. mrtmsg

multitap - Multitap delay line implementation. multitap

mute - Mutes/unmutes new instances of a given instrument. mute

mxadsr - Calculates the classical ADSR envelope using the expsegr mechanism. mxadsr

nchnls - Sets the number of channels of audio output. nchnls

nestedap - Three different nested all-pass filters. nestedap

nlfilt - A filter with a non-linear effect. nlfilt

noise - A white noise generator with an IIR lowpass filter. noise

noteoff - Send a noteoff message to the MIDI OUT port. noteoff

noteon - Send a noteon message to the MIDI OUT port. noteon

noteondur - Sends a noteon and a noteoff MIDI message both with the same channel, number and velocity. noteondur

noteondur2 - Sends a noteon and a noteoff MIDI message both with the same channel, number and velocity. noteondur2

notnum - Get a note number from a MIDI event. notnum

nreverb - A reverberator consisting of 6 parallel comb-lowpass filters. nreverb

nrpn - Sends a Non-Registered Parameter Number to the MIDI OUT port. nrpn

nsamp - Returns the number of samples loaded into a stored function table number. nsamp

nstrnum - Returns the number of a named instrument. nstrnum

ntrpol - Calculates the weighted mean value of two input signals. ntrpol

octave - Calculates a factor to raise/lower a frequency by a given amount of octaves. octave

octcps - Converts a cycles-per-second value to octave-point-decimal. octcps

octmidi - Get the note number, in octave-point-decimal units, of the current MIDI event. octmidi

octmidib - Get the note number of the current MIDI event and modify it by the current pitch-bend value, express it in octave-point-decimal. octmidib

octpch - Converts a pitch-class value to octave-point-decimal. octpch

opcode - Defines the start of user-defined opcode block. opcode

OSCsend - Sends data to other processes using the OSC protocol OSCsend

OSCinit - Start a listening process for OSC messages to a particular port. OSCinit

OSClisten - Listen for OSC messages to a particular path. OSClisten

oscbnk - Mixes the output of any number of oscillators. oscbnk

oscil - A simple oscillator. oscil

oscil1 - Accesses table values by incremental sampling. oscil1

oscil1i - Accesses table values by incremental sampling with linear interpolation. oscil1i

oscil3 - A simple oscillator with cubic interpolation. oscil3

oscili - A simple oscillator with linear interpolation. oscili

oscilikt - A linearly interpolated oscillator that allows changing the table number at k-rate. oscilikt

osciliktp - A linearly interpolated oscillator that allows allows phase modulation. osciliktp

oscilikts - A linearly interpolated oscillator with sync status that allows changing the table number at k-rate. oscilikts

osciln - Accesses table values at a user-defined frequency. osciln

oscils - A simple, fast sine oscillator oscils

oscilx - Same as the osciln opcode. oscilx

out - Writes mono audio data to an external device or stream. out

out32 - Writes 32-channel audio data to an external device or stream. out32

outc - Writes audio data with an arbitrary number of channels to an external device or stream. outc

outch - Writes multi-channel audio data, with user-controllable channels, to an external device or stream. outch

outh - Writes 6-channel audio data to an external device or stream. outh

outiat - Sends MIDI aftertouch messages at i-rate. outiat

outic - Sends MIDI controller output at i-rate. outic

outic14 - Sends 14-bit MIDI controller output at i-rate. outic14

outipat - Sends polyphonic MIDI aftertouch messages at i-rate. outipat

outipb - Sends MIDI pitch-bend messages at i-rate. outipb

outipc - Sends MIDI program change messages at i-rate outipc

outkat - Sends MIDI aftertouch messages at k-rate. outkat

outkc - Sends MIDI controller messages at k-rate. outkc

outkc14 - Sends 14-bit MIDI controller output at k-rate. outkc14

outkpat - Sends polyphonic MIDI aftertouch messages at k-rate. outkpat

outkpb - Sends MIDI pitch-bend messages at k-rate. outkpb

outkpc - Sends MIDI program change messages at k-rate. outkpc

outo - Writes 8-channel audio data to an external device or stream. outo

outq - Writes 4-channel audio data to an external device or stream. outq

outq1 - Writes samples to quad channel 1 of an external device or stream. outq1

outq2 - Writes samples to quad channel 2 of an external device or stream. outq2

outq3 - Writes samples to quad channel 3 of an external device or stream. outq3

outq4 - Writes samples to quad channel 4 of an external device or stream. outq4

outs - Writes stereo audio data to an external device or stream. outs

outs1 - Writes samples to stereo channel 1 of an external device or stream. outs1

outs2 - Writes samples to stereo channel 2 of an external device or stream. outs2

outvalue - Sends a k-rate signal to a user-defined channel. outvalue

outx - Writes 16-channel audio data to an external device or stream. outx

outz - Writes multi-channel audio data from a ZAK array to an external device or stream. outz

p - Show the value in a given p-field. p

pan - Distribute an audio signal amongst four channels. pan

pareq - Implementation of Zoelzer's parametric equalizer filters. pareq

partials - Partial track spectral analysis. partials

pcauchy - Cauchy distribution random number generator (positive values only). pcauchy x-class noise generators

pchbend - Get the current pitch-bend value for this channel. pchbend

pchmidi - Get the note number of the current MIDI event, expressed in pitch-class units. pchmidi

pchmidib - Get the note number of the current MIDI event and modify it by the current pitch-bend value, express it in pitch-class units. pchmidib

pchoct - Converts an octave-point-decimal value to pitch-class. pchoct

pconvolve - Convolution based on a uniformly partitioned overlap-save algorithm pconvolve

peak - Maintains the output equal to the highest absolute value received. peak

peakk - Deprecated. peakk

pgmassign - Assigns an instrument number to a specified MIDI program. pgmassign

phaser1 - First-order allpass filters arranged in a series. phaser1

phaser2 - Second-order allpass filters arranged in a series. phaser2

phasor - Produce a normalized moving phase value. phasor

phasorbnk - Produce an arbitrary number of normalized moving phase values. phasorbnk

pinkish - Generates approximate pink noise. pinkish

pitch - Tracks the pitch of a signal. pitch

pitchamdf - Follows the pitch of a signal based on the AMDF method. pitchamdf

planet - Simulates a planet orbiting in a binary star system. planet

pluck - Produces a naturally decaying plucked string or drum sound. pluck

poisson - Poisson distribution random number generator (positive values only). poisson x-class noise generators

polyaft - Returns the polyphonic after-touch pressure of the selected note number. polyaft

port - Applies portamento to a step-valued control signal. port

portk - Applies portamento to a step-valued control signal. portk

poscil - High precision oscillator. poscil

poscil3 - High precision oscillator with cubic interpolation. poscil3

pow - Computes one argument to the power of another argument. pow

powoftwo - Performs a power-of-two calculation. powoftwo

prealloc - Creates space for instruments but does not run them. prealloc

print - Displays the values init, control, or audio signals. print

printf - printf-style formatted output printf printf_i

printk - Prints one k-rate value at specified intervals. printk

printk2 - Prints a new value every time a control variable changes. printk2

printks - Prints at k-rate using a printf() style syntax. printks

prints - Prints at init-time using a printf() style syntax. prints

product - Multiplies any number of a-rate signals. product

pset - Defines and initializes numeric arrays at orchestra load time. pset

puts - Print a string constant or variable puts

pvadd - Reads from a pvoc file and uses the data to perform additive synthesis. pvadd

pvbufread - Reads from a phase vocoder analysis file and makes the retrieved data available. pvbufread

pvcross - Applies the amplitudes from one phase vocoder analysis file to the data from a second file. pvcross

pvinterp - Interpolates between the amplitudes and frequencies of two phase vocoder analysis files. pvinterp

pvoc - Implements signal reconstruction using an fft-based phase vocoder. pvoc

pvread - Reads from a phase vocoder analysis file and returns the frequency and amplitude from a single analysis channel or bin. pvread

pvsadsyn - Resynthesize using a fast oscillator-bank. pvsadsyn

pvsanal - Generate an fsig from a mono audio source ain, using phase vocoder overlap-add analysis. pvsanal

pvsarp - Arpeggiate the spectral components of a streaming pv signal. pvsarp

pvscross - Performs cross-synthesis between two source fsigs. pvscross

pvscent - Calculate the spectral centroid of a signal. pvscent

pvsdemix - Spectral azimuth-based de-mixing of stereo sources. pvsdemix

pvsfread - Read a selected channel from a PVOC-EX analysis file. pvsfread

pvsftr - Reads amplitude and/or frequency data from function tables. pvsftr

pvsftw - Writes amplitude and/or frequency data to function tables. pvsftw

pvsifd - Instantaneous Frequency Distribution, magnitude and phase analysis. pvsifd

pvsinfo - Get information from a PVOC-EX formatted source. pvsinfo

pvsinit - Initialise a spectral (f) variable to zero. pvsinit

pvsmaska - Modify amplitudes using a function table, with dynamic scaling. pvsmaska

pvsynth - Resynthesise using a FFT overlap-add. pvsynth

pvscale - Scale the frequency components of a pv stream. pvscale

pvshift - Shift the frequency components of a pv stream, stretching/compressing its spectrum. pvshift

pvsmix - Mix 'seamlessly' two pv signals. pvsmix

pvsfilter - Multiply amplitudes of a pvoc stream by those of a second pvoc stream, with dynamic scaling. pvsfilter

pvsblur - Average the amp/freq time functions of each analysis channel for a specified time. pvsblur

pvstencil - Transforms a pvoc stream according to a masking function table. pvstencil

pvsvoc - Combine the spectral envelope of one fsig with the excitation (frequencies) of another. pvsvoc

pyassign Opcodes - Assign the value of the given Csound variable to a Python variable possibly destroying its previous content. pyassign

pycall Opcodes - Invoke the specified Python callable at k-time and i-time (i suffix), passing the given arguments. The call is perfomed in the global environment, and the result (the returning value) is copied into the Csound output variables specified. pycall

pyeval Opcodes - Evaluate a generic Python expression and store the result in a Csound variable at k-time or i-time (i suffix). pyeval

pyexec Opcodes - Execute a script from a file at k-time or i-time (i suffix). pyexec

pyinit Opcodes - Initialize the Python interpreter. pyinit

pyrun Opcodes - Run a Python statement or block of statements. pyrun

rand - Generates a controlled random number series. rand

randh - Generates random numbers and holds them for a period of time. randh

randi - Generates a controlled random number series with interpolation between each new number. randi

random - Generates is a controlled pseudo-random number series between min and max values. random

randomh - Generates random numbers with a user-defined limit and holds them for a period of time. randomh

randomi - Generates a user-controlled random number series with interpolation between each new number. randomi

rbjeq - Parametric equalizer and filter opcode with 7 filter types, based on algorithm by Robert Bristow-Johnson. rbjeq

readclock - Reads the value of an internal clock. readclock

readk - Periodically reads an orchestra control-signal value from an external file. readk

readk2 - Periodically reads two orchestra control-signal values from an external file. readk2

readk3 - Periodically reads three orchestra control-signal values from an external file. readk3

readk4 - Periodically reads four orchestra control-signal values from an external file. readk4

reinit - Suspends a performance while a special initialization pass is executed. reinit

release - Indicates whether a note is in its release stage. release

repluck - Physical model of the plucked string. repluck

reson - A second-order resonant filter. reson

resonk - A second-order resonant filter. resonk

resonr - A bandpass filter with variable frequency response. resonr

resonx - Emulates a stack of filters using the reson opcode. resonx

resonxk - Control signal resonant filter stack. resonxk

resony - A bank of second-order bandpass filters, connected in parallel. resony

resonz - A bandpass filter with variable frequency response. resonz

resyn - Streaming partial track additive synthesis with cubic phase interpolation with pitch control and support for timescale-modified input resyn

reverb - Reverberates an input signal with a natural room frequency response. reverb

reverb2 - Same as the nreverb opcode. reverb2

reverbsc - 8 delay line stereo FDN reverb, based on work by Sean Costello reverbsc

rezzy - A resonant low-pass filter. rezzy

rigoto - Transfers control during a reinit pass. rigoto

rireturn - Terminates a reinit pass. rireturn

rms - Determines the root-mean-square amplitude of an audio signal. rms

rnd - Returns a random number in a unipolar range at the rate given by the input argument. rnd

rnd31 - 31-bit bipolar random opcodes with controllable distribution. rnd31

rspline - Generate random spline curves. rspline

rtclock - Read the real time clock from the operating system. rtclock

s16b14 - Creates a bank of 16 different 14-bit MIDI control message numbers. s16b14

s32b14 - Creates a bank of 32 different 14-bit MIDI control message numbers. s32b14

samphold - Performs a sample-and-hold operation on its input. samphold

sandpaper - Semi-physical model of a sandpaper sound. sandpaper

scanhammer - Copies from one table to another with a gain control. scanhammer

scans - Generate audio output using scanned synthesis. scans

scantable - A simpler scanned synthesis implementation. scantable

scanu - Compute the waveform and the wavetable for use in scanned synthesis. scanu

schedkwhen - Adds a new score event generated by a k-rate trigger. schedkwhen

schedkwhennamed - Similar to schedkwhen but uses a named instrument at init-time. schedkwhennamed

schedule - Adds a new score event. schedule

schedwhen - Adds a new score event. schedwhen

seed - Sets the global seed value. seed

sekere - Semi-physical model of a sekere sound. sekere

semitone - Calculates a factor to raise/lower a frequency by a given amount of semitones. semitone

sense - Same as the sensekey opcode. sense

sensekey - Returns the ASCII code of a key that has been pressed. sensekey

seqtime - Generates a trigger signal according to the values stored in a table. seqtime

seqtime2 - Generates a trigger signal according to the values stored in a table. seqtime2

setctrl - Configurable slider controls for realtime user input. setctrl

setksmps - Sets the local ksmps value in a user-defined opcode block. setksmps

sfilist - Prints a list of all instruments of a previously loaded SoundFont2 (SF2) file. sfilist

sfinstr - Plays a SoundFont2 (SF2) sample instrument, generating a stereo sound. sfinstr

sfinstr3 - Plays a SoundFont2 (SF2) sample instrument, generating a stereo sound with cubic interpolation. sfinstr3

sfinstr3m - Plays a SoundFont2 (SF2) sample instrument, generating a mono sound with cubic interpolation. sfinstr3m

sfinstrm - Plays a SoundFont2 (SF2) sample instrument, generating a mono sound. sfinstrm

sfload - Loads an entire SoundFont2 (SF2) sample file into memory. sfload

sfpassign - Assigns all presets of a SoundFont2 (SF2) sample file to a sequence of progressive index numbers. sfpassign

sfplay - Plays a SoundFont2 (SF2) sample preset, generating a stereo sound. sfplay

sfplay3 - Plays a SoundFont2 (SF2) sample preset, generating a stereo sound with cubic interpolation. sfplay3

sfplay3m - Plays a SoundFont2 (SF2) sample preset, generating a mono sound with cubic interpolation. sfplay3m

sfplaym - Plays a SoundFont2 (SF2) sample preset, generating a mono sound. sfplaym

sfplist - Prints a list of all presets of a SoundFont2 (SF2) sample file. sfplist

sfpreset - Assigns an existing preset of a SoundFont2 (SF2) sample file to an index number. sfpreset

shaker - Sounds like the shaking of a maraca or similar gourd instrument. shaker

sin - Performs a sine function. sin

sinh - Performs a hyperbolic sine function. sinh

sininv - Performs an arcsine function. sininv

sinsyn - Streaming partial track additive synthesis with cubic phase interpolation sinsyn

sleighbells - Semi-physical model of a sleighbell sound. sleighbells

slider16 - Creates a bank of 16 different MIDI control message numbers. slider16

slider16f - Creates a bank of 16 different MIDI control message numbers, filtered before output. slider16f

slider32 - Creates a bank of 32 different MIDI control message numbers. slider32

slider32f - Creates a bank of 32 different MIDI control message numbers, filtered before output. slider32f

slider64 - Creates a bank of 64 different MIDI control message numbers. slider64

slider64f - Creates a bank of 64 different MIDI control message numbers, filtered before output. slider64f

slider8 - Creates a bank of 8 different MIDI control message numbers. slider8

slider8f - Creates a bank of 8 different MIDI control message numbers, filtered before output. slider8f

sndloop - A sound looper with pitch control. sndloop

sndwarp - Reads a mono sound sample from a table and applies time-stretching and/or pitch modification. sndwarp

sndwarpst - Reads a stereo sound sample from a table and applies time-stretching and/or pitch modification. sndwarpst

soundin - Reads audio data from an external device or stream. soundin

soundout - Writes audio output to a disk file. soundout

soundouts - Writes audio output to a disk file. soundouts

space - Distributes an input signal among 4 channels using cartesian coordinates. space

spat3d - Positions the input sound in a 3D space and allows moving the sound at k-rate. spat3d

spat3di - Positions the input sound in a 3D space with the sound source position set at i-time. spat3di

spat3dt - Can be used to render an impulse response for a 3D space at i-time. spat3dt

spdist - Calculates distance values from xy coordinates. spdist

specaddm - Perform a weighted add of two input spectra. specaddm

specdiff - Finds the positive difference values between consecutive spectral frames. specdiff

specdisp - Displays the magnitude values of the spectrum. specdisp

specfilt - Filters each channel of an input spectrum. specfilt

spechist - Accumulates the values of successive spectral frames. spechist

specptrk - Estimates the pitch of the most prominent complex tone in the spectrum. specptrk

specscal - Scales an input spectral datablock with spectral envelopes. specscal

specsum - Sums the magnitudes across all channels of the spectrum. specsum

spectrum - Generate a constant-Q, exponentially-spaced DFT. spectrum

splitrig - Split a trigger signal splitrig

spsend - Generates output signals based on a previously defined space opcode. spsend

sprintf - printf-style formatted output to a string variable sprintf

sqrt - Returns a square root value. sqrt

sr - Sets the audio sampling rate. sr

statevar - State-variable filter. statevar

stix - Semi-physical model of a stick sound. stix

strcpy - Assign value to a string variable strcpy

strcat - Concatenate strings strcat

strcmp - Compare strings strcmp

streson - A string resonator with variable fundamental frequency. streson

strget - Set string variable to value from strset table or string p-field strget

strset - Allows a string to be linked with a numeric value. strset

strtod - Converts a string to a float (i-rate). strtod

strtodk - Converts a string to a float (k-rate). strtodk

strtol - Converts a string to a signed integer (i-rate). strtol

strtolk - Converts a string to a signed integer (k-rate). strtolk

subinstr - Creates and runs a numbered instrument instance. subinstr

subinstrinit - Creates and runs a numbered instrument instance at init-time. subinstrinit

sum - Sums any number of a-rate signals. sum

svfilter - A resonant second order filter, with simultaneous lowpass, highpass and bandpass outputs. svfilter

syncgrain - Synchronous granular synthesis. syncgrain

timedseq - Time Variant Sequencer timedseq

tb - Table Read Access inside expressions. tb0 tb1 tb2 tb3 tb4 tb5 tb6 tb7 tb8 tb9 tb10 tb11 tb12 tb13 tb14 tb15 tb0_init tb1_init tb2_init tb3_init tb4_init tb5_init tb6_init tb7_init tb8_init tb9_init tb10_init tb11_init tb12_init tb13_init tb14_init tb15_init

tab - Fast table opcodes. tab tab_i tabw tabw_i

tabrec - Recording and playing-back control signals. tabrec tabplay

table - Accesses table values by direct indexing. table

table3 - Accesses table values by direct indexing with cubic interpolation. table3

tablecopy - Simple, fast table copy opcode. tablecopy

tablegpw - Writes a table's guard point. tablegpw

tablei - Accesses table values by direct indexing with linear interpolation. tablei

tableicopy - Simple, fast table copy opcode. tableicopy

tableigpw - Writes a table's guard point. tableigpw

tableikt - Provides k-rate control over table numbers. tableikt

tableimix - Mixes two tables. tableimix

tableiw - Change the contents of existing function tables. tableiw

tablekt - Provides k-rate control over table numbers. tablekt

tablemix - Mixes two tables. tablemix

tableng - Interrogates a function table for length. tableng

tablera - Reads tables in sequential locations. tablera

tableseg - Creates a new function table by making linear segments between values in stored function tables. tableseg

tablew - Change the contents of existing function tables. tablew

tablewa - Writes tables in sequential locations. tablewa

tablewkt - Change the contents of existing function tables. tablewkt

tablexkt - Reads function tables with linear, cubic, or sinc interpolation. tablexkt

tablexseg - Creates a new function table by making exponential segments between values in stored function tables. tablexseg

tambourine - Semi-physical model of a tambourine sound. tambourine

tan - Performs a tangent function. tan

tanh - Performs a hyperbolic tangent function. tanh

taninv - Performs an arctangent function. taninv

taninv2 - Returns an arctangent. taninv2

tbvcf - Models some of the filter characteristics of a Roland TB303 voltage-controlled filter. tbvcf

tempest - Estimate the tempo of beat patterns in a control signal. tempest

tempo - Apply tempo control to an uninterpreted score. tempo

tempoval - Reads the current value of the tempo. tempoval

tigoto - Transfer control at i-time when a new note is being tied onto a previously held note tigoto

timeinstk - Read absolute time in k-rate cycles. timeinstk

timeinsts - Read absolute time in seconds. timeinsts

timek - Read absolute time in k-rate cycles. timek

times - Read absolute time in seconds. times

timout - Conditional branch during p-time depending on elapsed note time. timout

tival - Puts the value of the instrument's internal tie-in flag into the named i-rate variable. tival

tlineto - Generate glissandos starting from a control signal. tlineto

tone - A first-order recursive low-pass with variable frequency response. tone

tonek - A first-order recursive low-pass filter with variable frequency response. tonek

tonex - Emulates a stack of filters using the tone opcode. tonex

tradsyn - Streaming partial track additive synthesis tradsyn

transeg - Constructs a user-definable envelope. transeg

trcross - Streaming partial track cross-synthesis. trcross

trfilter - Streaming partial track filtering. trfilter

trhighest - Extracts the highest-frequency track from a streaming track input signal. trhighest

trigger - Informs when a krate signal crosses a threshold. trigger

trigseq - Accepts a trigger signal as input and outputs a group of values. trigseq

trirand - Linear distribution random number generator. trirand x-class noise generators

trlowest - Extracts the lowest-frequency track from a streaming track input signal. trlowest

trmix - Streaming partial track mixing. trmix

trscale - Streaming partial track frequency scaling. trscale

trshift - Streaming partial track frequency scaling. trshift

trsplit - Streaming partial track frequency splitting. trsplit

turnoff - Enables an instrument to turn itself off. turnoff

turnoff2 - Turn off instance(s) of other instruments at performance time. turnoff2

turnon - Activate an instrument for an indefinite time. turnon

unirand - Uniform distribution random number generator (positive values only). unirand x-class noise generators

upsamp - Modify a signal by up-sampling. upsamp

urd - A discrete user-defined-distribution random generator that can be used as a function. urd

vadd - Performs addition between a vectorial control signal and a scalar control signal vadd

vaddv - Performs addition between two vectorial control signals vaddv

valpass - Variably reverberates an input signal with a flat frequency response. valpass

vbap16 - Distributes an audio signal among 16 channels. vbap16

vbap16move - Distribute an audio signal among 16 channels with moving virtual sources. vbap16move

vbap4 - Distributes an audio signal among 4 channels. vbap4

vbap4move - Distributes an audio signal among 4 channels with moving virtual sources. vbap4move

vbap8 - Distributes an audio signal among 8 channels. vbap8

vbap8move - Distributes an audio signal among 8 channels with moving virtual sources. vbap8move

vbaplsinit - Configures VBAP output according to loudspeaker parameters. vbaplsinit

vbapz - Writes a multi-channel audio signal to a ZAK array. vbapz

vbapzmove - Writes a multi-channel audio signal to a ZAK array with moving virtual sources. vbapzmove

vcella - Cellular Automata vcella

vco - Implementation of a band limited, analog modeled oscillator. vco

vco2 - Implementation of a band-limited oscillator using pre-calculated tables. vco2

vco2ft - Returns a table number at k-time for a given oscillator frequency and wavform. vco2ft

vco2ift - Returns a table number at i-time for a given oscillator frequency and wavform. vco2ift

vco2init - Calculates tables for use by vco2 opcode. vco2init

vcomb - Variably reverberates an input signal with a colored frequency response. vcomb

vcopy - Copies between two vectorial control signals vcopy

vcopy_i - Copies between two vectorial control signals. vcopy

vdelay - An interpolating variable time delay. vdelay

vdelay3 - An variable time delay with cubic interpolation. vdelay3

vdelayx - A variable delay opcode with high quality interpolation. vdelayx

vdelayxq - A 4-channel variable delay opcode with high quality interpolation. vdelayxq

vdelayxs - A stereo variable delay opcode with high quality interpolation. vdelayxs

vdelayxw - Variable delay opcodes with high quality interpolation. vdelayxw

vdelayxwq - Variable delay opcodes with high quality interpolation. vdelayxwq

vdelayxws - Variable delay opcodes with high quality interpolation. vdelayxws

vdivv - Performs division between two vectorial control signals vdivv

vdelayk - k-rate variable time delay. vdelayk

vecdelay - Vectorial Control-rate Delay Paths vecdelay

veloc - Get the velocity from a MIDI event. veloc

vexp - Performs power-of operations between a vectorial control signal and a scalar control signal vexp

vexpseg - Vectorial envelope generator vexpseg

vexpv - Performs exponential operations between two vectorial control signals vexpv

vibes - Physical model related to the striking of a metal block. vibes

vibr - Easier-to-use user-controllable vibrato. vibr

vibrato - Generates a natural-sounding user-controllable vibrato. vibrato

vincr - Accumulates audio signals. vincr

vlimit - Limiting and Wrapping Vectorial Signals vlimit

vlinseg - Vectorial envelope generator vlinseg

vlowres - A bank of filters in which the cutoff frequency can be separated under user control. vlowres

vmap - Maps elements from a vectorial control signal vmap

vmirror - Limiting and Wrapping Vectorial Signals vmirror

vmult - Performs multiplication between a vectorial control signal and a scalar control signal vmult

vmultv - Performs mutiplication between two vectorial control signals vmultv

voice - An emulation of a human voice. voice

vport - Vectorial Control-rate Delay Paths vport

vpow - Performs power-of operations between a vectorial control signal and a scalar control signal vpow

vpowv - Performs power-of operations between two vectorial control signals vpowv

vpvoc - Implements signal reconstruction using an fft-based phase vocoder and an extra envelope. vpvoc

vrandh - Generate a sort of 'vectorial band-limited noise' vrandh

vrandi - Generate a sort of 'vectorial band-limited noise' vrandi

vstaudio, vstaudiog - VST audio output. vstaudio

vstbankload - Loads parameter banks to a VST plugin. vstbankload

vstedit - Opens the GUI editor widow for a VST plugin. vstedit

vstinit - Load a VST plugin into memory for use with the other vst4cs opcodes. vstinit

vstinfo - Displays the parameters and the programs of a VST plugin. vstinfo

vstmidiout - Sends MIDI information to a VST plugin. vstmidiout

vstnote - Sends a MIDI note with definite duration to a VST plugin. vstnote

vstparamset,vstparamget - Used for parameter comunication to and from a VST plugin. vstparamset

vstprogset - Loads parameter banks to a VST plugin. vstprogset

vsubv - Performs subtraction between two vectorial control signals vsubv

vtablei - Read vectors (from tables -or arrays of vectors). vtablei

vtablek - Read vectors (from tables -or arrays of vectors). vtablek

vtablea - Read vectors (from tables -or arrays of vectors). vtablea

vtablewi - Write vectors (to tables -or arrays of vectors). vtablewi

vtablewk - Write vectors (to tables -or arrays of vectors). vtablewk

vtablewa - Write vectors (to tables -or arrays of vectors). vtablewa

vtabi - Read vectors (from tables -or arrays of vectors). vtabi

vtabk - Read vectors (from tables -or arrays of vectors). vtabk

vtaba - Read vectors (from tables -or arrays of vectors). vtaba

vtabwi - Write vectors (to tables -or arrays of vectors). vtabwi

vtabwk - Write vectors (to tables -or arrays of vectors). vtabwk

vtabwa - Write vectors (to tables -or arrays of vectors). vtabwa

vwrap - Limiting and Wrapping Vectorial Signals vwrap

waveset - A simple time stretch by repeating cycles. waveset

weibull - Weibull distribution random number generator (positive values only). weibull x-class noise generators

wgbow - Creates a tone similar to a bowed string. wgbow

wgbowedbar - A physical model of a bowed bar. wgbowedbar

wgbrass - Creates a tone related to a brass instrument. wgbrass

wgclar - Creates a tone similar to a clarinet. wgclar

wgflute - Creates a tone similar to a flute. wgflute

wgpluck - A high fidelity simulation of a plucked string. wgpluck

wgpluck2 - Physical model of the plucked string. wgpluck2

wguide1 - A simple waveguide model consisting of one delay-line and one first-order lowpass filter. wguide1

wguide2 - A model of beaten plate consisting of two parallel delay-lines and two first-order lowpass filters. wguide2

wrap - Wraps-around the signal that exceeds the low and high thresholds. wrap

wterrain - A simple wave-terrain synthesis opcode. wterrain

xadsr - Calculates the classical ADSR envelope. xadsr

xin - Passes variables from a user-defined opcode block, xin

xout - Retrieves variables from a user-defined opcode block, xout

xscanmap - Allows the position and velocity of a node in a scanned process to be read. xscanmap

xscansmap - Allows the position and velocity of a node in a scanned process to be read. xscansmap

xscans - Fast scanned synthesis waveform and the wavetable generator. xscans

xscanu - Compute the waveform and the wavetable for use in scanned synthesis. xscanu

xtratim - Extend the duration of real-time generated events. xtratim

xyin - Sense the cursor position in an output window xyin

zacl - Clears one or more variables in the za space. zacl

zakinit - Establishes zak space. zakinit

zamod - Modulates one a-rate signal by a second one. zamod

zar - Reads from a location in za space at a-rate. zar

zarg - Reads from a location in za space at a-rate, adds some gain. zarg

zaw - Writes to a za variable at a-rate without mixing. zaw

zawm - Writes to a za variable at a-rate with mixing. zawm

zfilter2 - Performs filtering using a transposed form-II digital filter lattice with radial pole-shearing and angular pole-warping. zfilter2

zir - Reads from a location in zk space at i-rate. zir

ziw - Writes to a zk variable at i-rate without mixing. ziw

ziwm - Writes to a zk variable to an i-rate variable with mixing. ziwm

zkcl - Clears one or more variables in the zk space. zkcl

zkmod - Facilitates the modulation of one signal by another. zkmod

zkr - Reads from a location in zk space at k-rate. zkr

zkw - Writes to a zk variable at k-rate without mixing. zkw

zkwm - Writes to a zk variable at k-rate with mixing. zkwm

barmodel - Creates a tone similar to a stuck metal bar. barmodel

Score Statements and GEN Routines

Score Statements

GEN Routines

The Utility Programs

Directories.

Soundfile Formats.

Credits

Analysis File Generation

File Queries

File Conversion

Other Csound Utilities

Cscore

Events, Lists, and Operations

Writing a Main Program

More Advanced Examples

Compiling a Cscore Program

Extending Csound

Adding Unit Generators

Creating a Builtin Unit Generator

Adding a Plugin Unit Generator

OENTRY Reference

A. Pitch Conversion

B. Sound Intensity Values

C. Formant Values

D. Window Functions

E. SoundFont2 File Format

F. Csound64

Glossary

G. Quick Reference